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J. Remila* * Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Abstract India is a land for all time tourism.  It has mountains peaks, valleys, rivers, coastal belts, beaches, forests and even deserts.  Apart from these natural beauties, there are so many man made attractions too.  They include pilgrimage centres, palaces, monuments and so on.  In the ancient times they built these monuments with the help of wood and sand.  In due course they carved the mountains and constructed the cave temples.  The best examples are that of Ajantha and Ellora caves.  Such caves were constructed in Tamil Nadu during the Pallava period.  Following them the Pandyas also constructed cave temples…

Dr. S. Jayanthhi* * Assistant Professor, Department of History, Lekshmipuram Arts & Science College, Neyyoor. Abstract There are twelve famous Siva temples in Kanyakumari District. Among them the first and the most important one is the Thirumalai Mahadevar  Temple, which is located at a distance of about six miles South of Kulithurai in Vilavancode Taluk. The temple is also called ‘Munchirai-Thirumalai Thevar Temple’ . It is seen from  the inscription of Rajendra Chola that the main deity is called ‘Munchirai-Thirumalai – Devar’. It is referred in an another inscription that this temple site is known as ‘Munimar-thootam’ which gives  us a clue that the temple was once under the influence…

Francis Xavier V.C.* * Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History,  Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Abstract The inscriptions found in various parts of Chennai are important and authentic documents relating to political, economic, social and cultural history that give us a flavour of life in times long gone.  Chennai abounds in inscriptions of eras bygone which mostly register various donations-land, livestock, gold, jewels and many others – to temples. The majority of the inscriptions in Chennai are in Tamil though other languages and scripts have also been used. The names of various areas of present-day Chennai that are so familiar to its citizens are, in fact, centuries old, albeit a bit altered.…

D. S. Sanal Dhas* * Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S. T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The London Missionary Society wanted to promote education in their field of activities besides spreading the gospel message as they thought the education is also important to sustain their effort. With this in mind they sent a few educational missionaries who devoted their effort for the cause of education. The earliest of European Missionaries to begin pro-selytization work in Travancore were the Roman Catholics. They worked mainly among the lower caste particularly the fishermen community of the coastal belt. The Catholic Missionaries greatly interested in the spread of female education. As a…

P. Justin Jeya Singh * Ph.D. Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Abstract The Weavers Agitation in Kanyakumari District prolonged for a long time.  Between 1960 and 1970 Labour Organisations were formed to fight for the cause of the working class.  But, they did not take much care on the welfare of the labourers as they politicaly motivated.  They utilised the factory committees as their political propaganda machinery.  As and when they felt the need, they motivated the factory committee to present certain demands for the benefit of the labour force. Normally, the factory committee consisted of four or five workers of that factory.1  The members went to the office…

Abdul Kafoor A* * Research scholar, Department of History, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore ABSTRACT Deification of saints is common to most of all religions across the world. Even though monotheism remains the fundamental principle of Islam  venerations of saints and shahids (martyr) has become a part of this semetic religion1. A strata of the Muslim community in kerala still continue the practices related to the jarams (nerchas) and the worship of saints. This kind of saint worship along with shrine visit could be termed as saint worship.  Such shrines usually witness siyarat or pilgrimage. It is a common practice among devotees , to conduct Andunerchas or annual festivals in  relation with…

J. Aruna* * M.Phil., Research Scholar, Department of History, Government Arts College,  Tiruvannamalai. 606 603. Tamil Nadu. Abstract The purpose of this study is to bring out Prohibition Policy of the Government.  Though the Government is earning more money as a by selling alcohol, this is not fair on the part of a democratic Government to generate income with the expense of the life of its own people. Introduction Alcohol is a psychoactive drug.  It is used by people to produce altered states of consciousness and perceptions of reality.  Ingestion of alcohol produces an instant change and forms pain to pleasure and from despair to hope.  It helps to enter…

Chandra, T* and A, Kumaraswamy** *Research Scholar, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore 641007. **Associate Professor, Department of History, V.O.C College, Tuticorin. Abstract The social life of the people of South Travancore was crammed with many problems. The caste system was a dominant feature of Travancore society. The low caste women were not permitted to wear upper-cloth. They wore only a piece of coarse cloth called mundu stretching from waist to knees exposing their breasts and such dress restrictions were very much affected the depressed people of South Travancore. The Christian Missionaries were astounded to see the worst social condition; they enlightened the people through their education and social awakening. With the encouragement…

Mrs. Y. Mallika* * Ph. D., Research Scholar, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil. Abstract The irrigation system of Kanyakumari District is days back to Pre-Sangam period. The entire district is endowed with a number of canals and channels. The irrigation system of the district can be divided into natural and man-made.  The Kanyakumari District has been normal and pleasant condition to grow a number of crops.  Even though the District is very small it accommodates various food and non-food crops growing under different agro climate condition. Though the district has a unique advantage of the rainfall during both the monsoon seasons, it needs irrigation for the development of agricultural products.…

Mrs. T. Kalaiselvi* * Ph. D. Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Abstract Villages are the backbone of our country. In India, majority of the population live in villages. The prosperity of the country basically depends upon the economic development of the villages. It is for this reason Gandhiji encouraged the “Grama Swaraj” and village development.  Therefore, after independence, local bodies were given importance under the Panchayat Acts. The development activities of the Panchayats wholly depend upon the financial resources from the Panchayats. In this present study there is an attempt is being taken to brief the revenue administration including the income and expenditure of village Panchayats in India. Introduction…

S. Lawrence Jayaraj* * Ph.D. Research Scholar, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil - 4. Abstract Among the Dewans of Travancore, Raja Kesava Das was one of the best.  The office of Dewan was created during the reign of Karthikai Thirunal Maharaja.  Dalaw Kesava Das had assumed the new name of Dewan relinguishing the old designation of Dalawa.  The Dalawas office was a combination of the position of a prime minister and a commander in chief.     Kesava Das rose to the power of Dalawa and then Dewan at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion.  Thanks to his diplomatic moves he saved Travancore from Tipu sultan…

Arul Jothi. S* * Ph.D Research Scholar, Women‘s Christian College, Nagercoil. Abstract Although the tribe, caste, sect, racial group and class are the various types of social groups found in India, it is the tribe and the caste which dominated the former among the primitive communities and the latter in Hindu Society. Much confusion has  arisen in the past due to the indiscriminate use of these two words, they have been used by synonyms and therefore many tribes have been described as castes while  a number of castes have received tribal designation. The life of the tribal people of Kanyakumari District is unique. They follow different customs and ceremonies that…

G. Lingaswari* * Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, Sadakathullah Appa College, M.S. University, Tirunelveli. Abstract Kanyakumari is the Southernmost part of Tamil Nadu. It is bounded on North and East by Mahendragiri mountains, on the South by the Indian Ocean and on the West by the Arabian Sea. It consists of four taluks namely Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode. In Kanyakumari District various religious groups such as the Jains, the Saivites and the Vaishunavites came and established their religion. From a very early date Jainism flourished in Kanyakumari District. Kanyakumari is a land of temples. The most important rock-cut temples are Chitharal, Thirunandikkarai, Nagercoil, Kurandi and Kurathiyarai.  Many Kings…

B. Kavitha* * M. Phil., Scholar, Department of History, S. T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The Perunchani Dam was built in the year 1948 across a picturesque valley between low hillocks through which the river Kodayar now flows.  The catchment area and the surroundings are hilly, ever-green forest regions. The total length of the dam is 1137 feet of which the main non over flow dam is 903 feet long.  The maximum height above the deepest foundation is 137 feet, while the height over average bed level of the river is 84 feet. The volume of the dam was estimated at 18,29,200 c feet. The dam was built of rubble…

K. Sivakumar* * Ph.D., Research Scholar, Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu. Abstract Minjur Kanakasabhapathi Bhaktavatsalam, was an Indian lawyer, politician and freedom fighter from the state of Tamil Nadu.  He served as the Chief Minister of Madras State from 2, October 1963 to 6, March 1967.  He was the last Congress Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.  When he was the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu he wanted to impose prohibition on seeing its harsh impacts for that he faced so many difficulties.  Eventhen he stopped the manufacturing and drinking of liquor. Thus prohibition has come to stay in the province. Hon’able Mr.M.Baktavatsalam is reported…

C. Nirmala Devi* * Assistant Professor,  Sarah Tucker College, (Autonomous), Tirunelveli. Abstract Buddhist education aims at a personality transformation into a highest form of humanity through ethical, intellectual and spiritual perfection.  These three faculties of perfection of human life undoubtedly lead a man through mundane happiness to supra mundane happiness, which is the highest achievement we all are equally looking for.  Education is seen or expected to shape the character of a society.  This paper attempts to discuss on Buddhist teaching methods in ancient India.  It is well-known that with the rise of Buddhism in India there dawned the golden age of India’s culture and civilisation.  With the rise of…

R. NAGAPPAN* Ph.D. Research Scholar, P.G. Department of History and Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District Abstract Temples played a unique role in the social - cultural and political - economical life of the people of Tamil Nadu.  The Tamils had a grandiose tradition and a glorious past.  They were a God fearing people and believed in the existence of the supreme power, which they called Irai (supreme power) who protected and preserved them from all dangers and evil. In the temples pujas and festivals are of fundamental importance as they formed an integral part of worship.  A sacred house of Gods and Goddesses, the temple is the…

K. Usha Kumary* * Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Abstract Kanyakumari has been an integral part of Tamil Nadu with the Pandian Kingdom from time immemorial. The system of Land Revenue administration prevailing in Kanyakumari District was found to be entirely different from the one existing in the rest of the Tamil Nadu. The Land revenue assessment was fixed and levied with reference to the fertility of soil, taram, sort and location of the land. Various measures of land reforms have been introduced after independence and are being implemented to bring about a fair economic system which would also serve to maximum production and lead to national prosperity. Kanyakumari…

R. C. Akhilesh* * Ph.D Research Scholar, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Abstract With the advent of the British rule in India, the educational system of India drastically changed. There was no national language in the country. The English method of instruction introduced by the Christian Missionaries in the early years of the Nineteenth Century. The English language was first introduced in the Universities and was gradually brought down to Colleges and Schools. It also associated with power, administration and technology. English will bring a common lingua-franca to the various regions of the country and lead to the unity in the Indian nation. English has become the language of the world. It…

Mrs. V. Dhana Lekshmi* * Ph.D Research scholar, Deptartment of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. ABSTRACT Tamilnadu was under the control of three royal families, the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. During the middle period of the 9thCentury one Vijayalaya founded a powerful empire which grew into prominence during the period of their successors especially Rajaraja and Rajendra. In the beginning of the 10thCentury the Chola monarchs introduced a series of social reforms for the benefit of the people as a whole.  They divided the kingdom into provinces. Provinces were divided into districts and districts were divided into taluks. Each taluk was divided into villages. Villages had separate councils to administrator. Elected…