Research Journals

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…

Lawerence Jayaraj Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil- 629 004. Abstract The Dewanship of Raja Kesava Das is a memorable era in the history of Travancore. He has been a faithful Minister of Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1759 – 1789), the King of Travancore. Raja Kesava Das, the Dewan of Travancore (1789 – 1799) in his official capacity rendered a fruitful service to Travancore in a period of great political turmoil and confusion. Raja Kesava Das rose to power at a critical juncture when Travancore was threatened by the Mysorean invasion. It was his drive and initiative that enabled to check the Mysorean inroads…

Mallika Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,  Tirunelveli. Kamaraj, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu felt the necessary of education towards the socio-economic welfare of the society. He established schools in every Village Panchayats and reformed the existing educational institutions. To remove the ignorance of the people he made education compulsory up to the age of fourteen. To help the poor students free education, free uniform, free books and slates and free noon meal were introduced in 1960. This gave an golden opportunity to all the poor children to become literate. In 1955 there were 81 full-fledged primary schools in the diocese. The government in those days…

Vijumon Ph.D Scholar, Department of History, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam. Abstract This article explains in detail about the six types of Traditional Medicines known as Siddha, Ayurveda, Varmakalai, Yoga, Kalaripayattu and Panchakarma. Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to the mankind and its treatment is aimed at restoring balance to the mind – body system. Diet, life-style, Yoga and meditation play a major role not only in maintaining health, but also is curing disease. The Siddha medicine employs a variety of herbs and minerals, many of which were developed in the ancient past under advanced scientific techniques. Ayurveda in a wholistic system of medicine from…

Doral Ph. D. Research Scholar, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract The different aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement of the Kanyakumari District indicate that this was the most extensive and the best organized of the popular movements in the State. Kanyakumari District witnessed the outbreak of several agitations. From the nineteenth century onwards there was a political and social awakening among the people. As a result of this, the district witnessed a number of movements. Among them, the most important was the Civil Disobedience Movement. The first phase of the movement was started in 1919 and it was continued up to 1929.  The second phase of the movement was started…

John Lings Ph.D Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Introduction People’s day-to-day life depends on transport. Basically, there are three types of transport Air, Road and Sea. These transports have been used for carrying goods as well as passengers since many years. They are also used mainly for trading. Accordingly, sea is a large ground for fishing. In olden days, people used to do fishing by using vallams.  After 1950s, the government had introduced machine vessels for fishing. These machines could increase the level of economic, both for the people and government. Gradually, the government had brought out remarkable and excellent action in the field of fishing. For fishing the…

Dr. C. Sankar Assistant Professor of History, Lord Jegannath College of Education, PSN Nagar, Kanyakumari District. From the description of the administrative system of Travancore, we learn that formerly there were only two jails in 1844, one at Trivandrum and the other at Quilon for securing the convicts maintained by the Sircar and employed to repair the roads everyday1. It is seen from the Administrative Report of 1038 M.E. (1862-63), that there were three principal jails in Travancore, one at Trivandrum, another at Quilon and yet another at Alleppey2. There were also lock-ups attached to the Zilla Court3, chiefly for the confinement of under trial prisoners. The jails were formerly…

Dr.Selvamoni Associate Professor in History, D.D.E, Annamalai University. In the post –independent  India, with the spread of women’s gradual economic independent and the legislative measures adopted in favour  of them came to be recognized as  important, powerful, and meaningful contributors in the Indian society. During the British prior to Gandhiji’s intervention period women were considered a socially inferior species and kept in  a state of subjugation. Social evils in the Indian society such as female infanticide, child marriage, poor condition of widows, polygamy, purdah system, offering girls to the deity, illiteracy, practive of sati, dowry system  and devadasi system revolved  around women. There have been several attempts to improve women’s…

Krishna Moni Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari District is situated in the southern-most end of the Indian Peninsula. The area of Kanyakumari District consists of the modern taluks of Agasteeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.1 It is bounded by Mahendragiri Hills on the north and Tirunelveli District on the east, Kerala State on the west and confluence of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on the South-West, south and east respectively. Till 1956 the Kanyakumari district was a part of erstwhile Travancore State.2  The political activities of the people of the district, were mainly influenced and guided by the State people’s…

Kannadasan Ph.D., Full time Research Scholar, Department of History Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002. ABSTRACT Woman plays various aspects of life at home, in society as mothers, wives, sisters, learners, workers, citizens and leaders. Women constitute nearly half of country’s human population in India, has been suppressed in all spheres of life, even through they work and contribute to the economy of the family and country in one form or another. But in a contrary, if we look around in our society, it is obvious that women are enclosed and brought up in the culture of silence, their life starting, continuing and ending up in this darkness of…

Arun Part time Ph.D. Research Scholar, V. O. C. College, Thoothukudi. Abstract The aim of this paper is to describe the architectural marvel of Sri Kailasanather Temple at Srivaikuntam. Art is the outcome of internal reactions of feelings in mind and expressed through arts of sculpture, music, drama and dance. Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fullfill the practical and expressive requirements of civilized people. Almost every settled society that possess the techniques for building produces architecture. Architecture thus is an art of organizing space not only functionally but beautifully. Sri Kailasanather Temple Srivaikundam is one of the few existing year of Pandya temple with rich…

Prathika. S Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil - 629 002. ABSTRACT The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (SJPS) was formed under Ayyankali’s leadership in 1907. The oranization was not meant for any single caste but it unified all drpressed servile people (sadhu janam ). Thus, Ayyankali was successful in creating a platform for the Dalits for the first time.  Ayyankali established the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam  with a view of activating his community to seek the path of progressive change and reform. He began the first step towards the social emancipation of his brethren . There  were violent clashes on several occasions but Ayyankali was bent upon…

D.S.Sanal Dhas Ph.D.Research Scholar, Department of History, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil. Abstract Thiruvananthapuram is a land of rich cultural heritage. The word culture derives from the Latin word colere which means to cultivate. Nineteenth Century saw the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Thiruvananthapuram. The governments of Travancore undertook several cultural pursuits under their auspices. New institutions which have an important place in the cultural life of the people of Thiruvananthapuram came to be set up. The reign of Swathi Thirunal saw the beginning of such ventures there.  His reign has been called the “Augustan Age of Kerala Music” himself a musician and composer of high calibre, Swathi Tirunal was a…

Dr. V. M. Parimala Assistant Professor of History, Lakshmipuram College of Arts and Science, Neyyoor. Abstract History is anthropocentric and charm has been added by ‘subaltern study’ which gives much importance to the everyday life of the working masses.  The term ‘subaltern’ as a theoretical concept describes the identity of an oppressed and exploited group.  Hence it has opened up new vistas of exploration and has accelerated the growth of many a branch of study such as anthropology, sociology, history, economics and politics. The main objective of this publication is to unravel the characteristic features of typical tribal society, their living conditions. The population of Idukki District consists of hill…

Dhanaraj Research Scholar, Department of History, V.O.C. College, Thoothukudi. After the dismissal of Ummini Thampi in 1811, Rani Lakshmi Bai appointed Col. Munro, the then British Resident as the Diwan of Travancore.  He started to strive hard to eradicate the evils of tyranny, delay and corruption in the administration of justice.  The first thing he did was the abolition the Tnsuaff Cutcheries.  He took upon himself the responsibility of trying cases.1 Provisions were made in the legal system by which people were able to bring their suits to him.  Parties surrounded him everyday demanding justice, which led to serious difficulties.2 Due to many difficulties, the continuance of this system was found…

Vinoba Gladis Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. The Salvation Army is a Christian international religious and charitable movement, organized and operated on a military model.1 It is a Church as well as a social agency with its international headquarters in London.  It is the largest organization for the eradication of poverty, and the uplifting of the poor in existence.2 Favourable Factors The origin of the Salvation Army formed a unique event in the nineteenth century religious life of Great Britain.  Several favourable factors contributed to its rise.  The Victorian England of the nineteenth century maked a new phase, full of tension fears, anxieties and uncertainties. …

Pradeepa Ph.D Research Scholar, Government Arts College, Coimbatore. Coimbatore is the second largest City in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore District. Coimbatore is also known as the “Manchester of South India”. Coimbatore is known for its industrial hub, educational institutions, health care facilities, pleasant weather friendly culture and hospitality. There is significant majority of persons from  North and West Indian origin in Coimbatore.1 Etymology One possible reason for the City’s name could be that a king called Kovan,who ruled the area and hence the name Kovanpudur (Kovan’s City)  evolved and it was anglicized as Coimbatore. In modern times, the name is sometimes abbreviated…

Dr. H. Santhosakumari Assistant Professor of History, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil. Introduction Violence against women is human rights violation.  Human rights are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we can not live as human beings.  The recognition of these natural rights of human beings was an ancient phenomenon as the human civilization. It is a paradox of modern civilization that with rising women assertion, crime, violence and discrimination against her are also rising persistence in India of cultural practices that discrimination against girls and women means not only the abuse of but finally death of countless women.  Women constitute almost half of…

Dr. P. Ramesh Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts and Science, Vellamodi. Introduction Kanyakumari District is famous for its vast green stretches of variety of plants. The district has many beautiful spots. It is divided into four major parts and among the four two is called as ‘Nanjing Nadu’. For the agricultural purpose so many dams canals ponds and tanks are built. This district is solely depends for its economy upon agricultural income.1 Soil The soil is mostly loamy and assumes sandy or clay character depending on the accumulation of waste on the surface. The prevailing soils in Kanyakumari District are predominantly red ones, poor in lime, potash…

K.K. Thanammal Assistant Professor of History, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil. Kanyakumari is situated in the southernmost part of the Indian Sub Continent. The District was a part of the ancient Travancore- Cochin states especially the southern part of Trivandrum District. The Malayalam Literary works refer this area as Nanjil Nadu and Edanadu1. The contribution and the achievement of the freedom fighters of Kanyakumari District was a remarkable one. Kanyakumari District was under the rule of the erstwhile Travancore kings still 1956.  After the State reorganization in 1956, Kanyakumari District was merged with Tamil Nadu with four taluks namely Agastheeswaram, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode.  Kanyakumari District has no independent history of…

Dr. D. Karthikeyan Special Officer, Annamalai University Study Centre,  Paramakudi. ABSTRACT The Chola kingdom was one of the important powers of South India which survived for more than four hundred years. The Cholas were great temple and monument builders. The temples of big size came into existence and there was a need for more funds. Besides, temple was an epi-centre of society and performed all the societal activities except politics. Nonetheless, the people at the helm of temple affairs wielded significant influence in the royal polity. So it required huge resources which were provided by grants made by generation of kings, royal family members, feudal chieftains, officials, merchants and various…