Bull – Races
In the evening hours of Maatu Pongal, the bullocks are collected and loosened one after the other in quick succession, from a large enclosure amidst the furious din of drums and loud shouts from a large crowd of spectators.1 The bullocks run the gauntlet down a lane formed of country-carts and then gallop off widely in every direction. In rural areas, there is a competition to seize the cloth tied to the horns of the leading bulls. This demands alertness, fleetness of foot and considerable pluck. Those who capture the bulls are the heros of the honour, though in the bargain they receive cuts and bruises.2 These bull-races are held on some other days too. This is the spot of the villagers in Madurai, Ramanathapuram and Pudukottai areas and enormous money has been spent for this sports – event at Aralipparai, Siravayal, Uranganpatti, Viralimalai, Alankanallur, Melur etc.3 It is indeed a sight to watch this sport in its full glory in these centres. Thousands of foreigners are coming to watch the spectacular Alankanallur Jallikattu just 20 km. from the city of Madurai. The bull fights are popular among the Maravas4 in particular and all agriculturists and cattle breeders in general, who embrace the bull in an attempt to master it.
The bull-fight is also a source of great danger. It is an ordeal to test the manhood of a young man. Girls of the family of the Rajas of Ramnad and families of other chieftains are reported to have watched these performances, to choose their husbands from among the successful competitors.5 The bull-fight has some ritual significance also.
NAYYANDI MELAM
Nayyandi Melam or Chinna Melam is a rustic imitation of the classical melam or Nadaswaram and is intended purely as an accompaniment to folk-dance-drama, to cater to the tastes of the unlettered audience. This orchestra consists of two Nadaswarams, two Tavils, a Pambai, a Thamukku and a pair of cymbals. The peculiarity of Nayyandi Melam is that the instrumentalists also dance while playing their instruments.6 The troupe is in demand as an accompaniment to Karagam, Kavadi, Dummy-horse show and gypsy-dance popularly known as the dance of kuravan and kurathi.
KUMMI
Kummi is an important dance performance. It consists of common kummi and oyil kummi. In the common kummi, the dances are rhythmical and the girls dance in different postures. The rhythm of both dance and music delights the audience. The word kummi is said to be derived from Kommai which means to dance with clapping of hands to time and singing poems.7
OYIL KUMMI
Oyilattam or Oyil kummi is performed by large groups of men wearing bells on their feet and narrating mythological stories. The invocation song prays to gods and also instructs the participants to give adequate space for the movement of neighbour’s leg and prevent their coming into physical contact.8
KAPPAL PATTU
Kappal Pattu or Padagu Pattu is a boat-song, sung by travellers in chorus to overcome the fear of tides and to prevent the monotomy of travel on lakes and rivers.9
KOLATTAM
Kolattam, derived from Kol (a small stick) and Attam (play) is the name of a charming Tamil dance practised by groups of young girls.10 It is now one of the items of entertainments in girl’s schools during school day celebrations. A festival connected with this art has both a cultural and a religious significance. According to tradition, once there lived an Asura called Basavasura, who could not be controlled by anybody. Some girls joined together in a group went to this Asura and played Kolattam with charming music. The Asura was so pleased with the divine music and the grace of the girls that he gave up all his evil designs. This has since been celebrated as Kolatta Jothrai, in a number of places in Tamil Nadu.11
Basava, Bull, the personification of Shiva is the centre of the Kolattam festival, commencing every year on the new moon day of October – November (mostly on the Deepavali day) and ending on the full-moon day. On the Purnima day, the girls dressed in new clothes, placing the Basava in a decorated palanquin12, ultimately immense it in a river. In every stage of the festival, each girl has one stick in each of her hands and the sticks in the hand of each girl are struck against those of two other girls in rotation, producing beautiful music.13
KAVADI ATTAM
Lord Muruga or Subrahmanya, son of Lord Shiva, is depicted generally as a boy with a lance in his hand and physically handsome and attractive. His vehicle is the resplendent peacock. Sometimes he is also shown as accompanied by his two consorts, Valli and Deivanai. He is the commander-in-chief of the celestial beings in several wars. He has annihilated all the evil forces of demons. Hence, he is said to reside in six embattled field-camps called Padaiveedus.14 Palani and Thirupparankundram are two such holy places. They are hillocks described in mythology as carried by a giant called Idumban slung on the two ends of a pole placed on his shoulder. Later, this Idumban became one of the principal devotees of Lord Muruga. He has a shrine half-way upto the Palani Hills and receives the first honour from all devotees proceeding to worship Subrahmanya.15 Actually the worship of Lord Subrahmanya without paying homage to Idumban is considered ineffective. The carrying of Kavadi by pilgrims is symbolic of Idumban carrying the hillocks, the abodes of the Lord, Slung on a pole.
There are several kinds of Kavadis, the milk and rose water Kavadis are the principal ones. The central shaft of the semi-circular wooden structure is placed on the shoulders and the pilgrims dressed in yellow costume and decorated with garlands, undergoing many privation to fulfil vows, dance their way through the streets and up the hillock under the hypnotic music provided by the drum, the pipes and the tom-tom.16 Extreme devotion prompts some Kavadi dancers to disfigure their lips. The lower lip is pierced through for the insertion of a copper or brass ring, often with a view to maintain silence.17 The dancers subject themselves to rigorous austerities and try to get rid of their ego, anger, lust and other vices. They dance to the tunes of Kavadi-chindu18 sung by admiring groups of devotees who follow them (the dancers). The divine songs are rendered in charming music by a trained singer and repeated by others in chorus and the emotion-choked dancer goes into raptures hearing them. Sometimes they react by shifting the Kavadi over their shoulders, head, nose, etc. in see-saw position, displaying great artistry with many a pose and movement in rhythm, unaided by hand.19
Kavadi-chindu is sung not only by pilgrims on the march but also in the temples too. In some temples, it is sung on the last day of Navarathri. In Tiruchendur and in Palani, the Chindus are sung with Nadaswaram before the deity starts in procession. These songs describe the romantic relationship of Muruga to Valli and the folk enjoy the vivid descriptions. In all about 25 Kavadi-chindus, the best known is Annamalai Reddiar’s composition.20
PURAVI ATTAM
Puravi Attam also known as Poikkal Kuthirai is a dummy horse-show. This art is a peculiar product of the early Chola period. It evolved from what is referred to in Cilappadikaram as Marakkal Attam or the dance with wooden legs. It was developed under Maratha patronage and Thanjavur is the citadel of dummy horse-show artists.21 It has now become revitalised, refined and modernised. The artists occasionally adopt Bharatha Natya and Kathak styles, in addition to simple, lifting folk rhythms. The dummy horse is made of jute, cardboard, paper and glass.22 The show is performed by men as well as by women. The main attraction is the richly decorated cardboard horse. The dancer uses this as his dress. He gets into it through the holes made therein and looks as if he is riding on horseback. Wooden stilts are tied to the dancer’s feet and these can be successfully used only after months of experience. The purpose of using the stilts is to prevent the dancer from being harmed by snakes and scorpions. This dance is performed by a pair of dancers impersonating the king and the queen.23 Sometimes, they indulge in acrobatics and they entertain the folk for hours together. The dummy horse-show is also one of the chief attractions in the Republic Day festivities at New Delhi and folk artists are sent from Tamil Nadu every year to perform this show.
BOMMALATTAM
Bommalattam is puppet dance and this art form is used to spread religious stories. It is referred to as Marappavai in Thirukkural. Later on, it has absorbed some features of Telugu folk dramas. Rural people believe that it is auspicious to have this performance in their village and that its performance will ward off evil spirits and epidemics and bring prosperity.24 The main themes are the stories from Ramayana, Mahabaratha, Bhagavatha and the Harichandra Purana. This show is manipulated by strings and iron rods, suspended from above. The stage is so set up that the puppets alone are seen through an opening roughly about four metres in height. The puppets are moved by skilled and experienced players who stand behind, unseen by the audience. The puppets are tied to the player’s hand with black strings which are not visible.
The performance usually begins at 10 p.m. and is over only by about 4 a.m. in the next morning and it is continued for a week or ten days. On either side of the stage, big earthen castor oil lamps are placed. The screen is a big black cloth, about three metres high. In front of this curtain, the puppets make their appearance. When the Chandramathi puppet and the dancing puppet appear, the manipulators behind the curtain have themselves to do all the bodily movements and dancing. Their legs and arms have full work. The scenes in which Chandramathi tears her garland to pieces and laments on the cremation ground, are great attractions. Puppetry has been believed to be the imitation of one of eleven dances performed by the Goddess of wealth, Lakshmi to lure and destroy evil demons.
– N. KRISHNAPRIYA, Ph.D. Research Scholar in History, Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu
END NOTES
- A.L. Basham, The Wonder that was India, (Calcutta : Rupa & Co., 1982), p. 211.
- S.V. Subramanian, V. Murugan (ed.), Papers on Tamil Studies, (Madras : IITS, 1980), pp. 140-149.
- P. Subramanian, Social History of the Tamils, (New Delhi : D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd., 1994), p. 147.
- S. Kadirvel, A History of the Maravas (1700 – 1802), (Madurai : Madurai Publishing House, 1977), pp. 37-45.
- Open to see the hidden Treasures (Folder), (Chennai : TTDC Publications, 2002), p. 4.
- Pon. Subramania Pillai, Kalai Karuvoolam (Tamil), (Madurai : Mani Pathippagam, 1956), pp. 27-30.
- A. Ramanathan, Researches in Folklore, (Chidambaram : Manivasagar Pathippagam, 1986), pp. 66-67.
- N. Vanamamalai, Studies in Tamil Folk Literature, (Madras : New Century Book House, 1969), p. 93.
- K. Murugesan, Folk Dances in Tamil Nadu, (Thanjavur : Tamil University Publications, 2000), pp. 10-21.
- B.R. Kishore, Dance of India, (New Delhi : Diamond Pocket Books Pvt. Ltd., 1986), p. 160.
- Bonnie C. Wade, Performing Arts in India, (Berkeley : University of California, 1983), pp. 78-85.
- S.M.L.L. Chettiar, Folklore of Tamil Nadu, (New Delhi : National Book Trust, 1973), p. 159.
- V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, Studies in Tamil Literature and History, (Madras : University of Madras, 1930), pp. 290-204.
- X.S. Thani Nayagam, Tamil Culture and Civilization Readings : The Classical Period, (New Delhi : Asia Publishing House, 1970), p. 185.
- K.M. Balasubramanian, South Indian Celebrities, Madras : Govt. Press, 1934), Vol. I, pp. 274-278.
- J.J. Bhabba (ed.), Splendours of Tamil Nadu, (Bombay : Marg Publications, 1980), p. 143.
- K. Bhaktavatsalam, Kavadi Sindu of Annamalai Kavirayar (Tamil), (Kovilpatti : Published by the Author, 1990), pp. 61-70.
- K. Murugesan, Poikal Kuthirai Attam (Tamil), (Thanjavur : Thenmozhi Publications, 2003), pp. 1-17.
- S.V. Subramanian, V.R. Madhavan (ed.), Heritage of the Tamils Education & Vocation, (Madras : IITS Publications, 1986), p. 353.
- Meena Naik, A Handbook of Puppetry, (New Delhi : National Book Trust, 2004), pp. 5-9.
- Indian Express, 10thMay 1962.
- The Hindu, 5thJuly 1970.
- Ibid.,
- K.M. Balasubramanian, op. cit., p.96.