Research Journals

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…

ABSTRACT Textile mills contributed much to the numerical strength of the factory labourers in Tamilnadu. Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tirunelveli were the important centres of the textile industry. A good beginning towards an organized labour movement was made among the textile mill workers in Madras city. It was on 27th April 1918 that the Madras labour union was formed by B.P. Wadia, Thiru.Vi.Ka, and others. The Justicites and the swarajists showed little interest in the organisation of labourers. As an organisation, the Indian National Congress began to evince continuous and consistent interest in the labour movement from 1919. So the workers in the textile mills in Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai, and…

INTRODUCTION In the world of today,local government may be said to be a part of the five-tier system of government.The concept of local government is as old kings and kingdoms. There were many kingdoms with excellent local governmentswith the emergence of sovereign states,local governments at the bottom of administrative hierarchy attained significance.Modern states are huge in size. As a result it created a wide gap between state and the masses.The local governments have provided people at the local level to express their grievances and settle it the local level itself.Inbrief,the sole purpose of local government is to solve local level.The following are the definitions of the local self government: Encyclopedia…

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to examine the political involvement of Tribal Women Associated to self-help group.  The Tribal women are made economically powerful and given social respect the confidence has been increased.  Skilful leadership can be developed from the women.  The area of study Kalrayan Hills in Vizhupuram District has been selected based on observation method.  The study finds that there was a feeling of dependability about the different types of scheme provided by the government.  But, after participation in saving group their habit of saving has been increased and they came out from ideological apathy and most of part their income expand on children’s nurturing and…

ABSTRACT India, the human emporium exhibits a typical form of society established on the basis of caste hierarchy. Caste system paved the way for occupying the topmost step of the social ladder by a group of people and compelled the other group to occupy the bottom of social ladder, a life with untold miseries and sorrows. They struggled for centuries to get relieved from the cruel clutches of the upper sections of the society. Upliftment of the weaker sections of the society is the responsibility of the government. After independence, the Constitution of India which envisages the welfare of its citizens, lays down in article 38 of part IV under…

Women Empowerment is a concept of everyone in this world. It inculcates in all dimensions to portray the constructive activities for women’s enhancement and advancement in the society, administration, education and financial status. It is proved that, work participation rate made its Positive impact to a great extent in empowering women in the society. Concept of Empowerment of Women Empowerment is nothing but a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women’s empowerment is a process in which women gain greater contribution in controlling over resources - material, human and intellectual  areas like knowledge, information, ideas and financial resources like money and control over decision-making in the home, community, society and nation,…

The Malaiyamans of Tirukkoyilur in South Arcot district were the feudatories of the Cholas from the time of Kulottunga I. They were also known as Chedirayas, Kovalarajan (or) Kovalaraiya, Malaiyan and Malaiyakularayans.1 There were several Malaiyaman families. Some of them ruled from Tirukkoyilur and other from Kiliyur in the same taluk.2 Puvan Marudan (alias) Alvanangara Malaiyaman of Kiliyur in Tirumunaippadi made a gift of 1,650 kulis of land as tax-free devadana for offerings and lamps at the service of tiruppallieluchchi of the god Tiruppulippagavadevar of Sirringur at Kurukkaikkurram.3 An inscription dated in the 10th regnal year of Vikrama Chola records the gift of land by Nanurruvan (alias) Malaiyan Rajendrasola Chediyarayan…

Abstract The long and eventful history of the Nilgiris dates back to the remote Stone age or Prehistoric times. Prehistoric man appears to have lived in many parts of the Nilgiris District, especially on the eastern slopes. It is plausible that some of the Nilgiris tribes first occupied the region around this time or a bit later. Remains of Prehistoric rock paintings have been discovered in many sites the most important being the one at porivarai near karikkiyur. More areas of the district appear to have under human habitation during the Iron Age or the Megalithic Age that extends from around 1000 B.C, to 400 B.C., and slightly later. Different…

ABSTRACT The general election for Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was held in the year 1967. Under this period there was a great political change in the country. It was the Congress Party members who fought for the freedom for our nation. This party had ruled over the country for 30 years  with a great success. But, the present situations were reversed because the 1967 election has laid down the victory of Congress Party. There were two major coalitions running in the election between Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Indian National Congress. In 1967, Congress Party lost the election for the following reasons. i. Anti Hindi agitation, ii. Shortage of rice and…

ABSTRACT The Saurashtras, Mudaliars, Salias and Patariyars of Kanyakumari District have specific behaviors in their social lives.  Each community differs because of their living conditions.The social behavior of each community also  differs accordingly. The four communities earn their livelihood through different economic perspectives. In religious sphere also these communities worship different deities and follow different religious sects of Hinduism. A microscopic group of these communities has embraced  Islam and Christianity. They have participation in political arena also. On the whole these communities show different approaches in social, economic, religious and political spheres. The Patunulkarans are generally  handsome with an yellowish tinge. They are  intellectual features  when compared to other Tamil…

ABSTRACT The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production .Since they are tradition bound and also poor they have not adopted the modern methods which are so widely adopted in the countries of the west and in Japan. To revitalize fertility and to utilize follow lands the use of manures of all kinds is both farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers is extremely inadequate. The importance of good quality seeds to increase agricultural productivity needs no emphasis.   However, as compared to imports food grains in the year 1960-61 with 1985-86 imports of food grain is declined but imports of Fertilizers increased.  In this way…

ABSTRACT The development of art and architecture in Tamil Nadu had passed through a  long process of evolution and elaboration.  They are centuries old and divided into certain well marked phases.  Each succeeding phase starts with the heritage of the proceeding one, leading the style along with a richer elaboration and maturity, to its ultimate fulfillment.  There is no break in the continuity constituing the distinctive characteristics of the style. The cave temples built by the Pallavas mark the beginning of temple architecture in Tamil Nadu. The rich heritage of the Pallava tradition was passed on to the Cholas who supplemented the Pallavas as dominant power of the South about…

Abstract During the 18th century, Travancore State was attacked by the Mysorean forces under the able leadership of Tippu Sultan. At that time the Travancore State came under the influence of the British East India Company. Colonel Munroe had already been the Resident of the Travancore State. This infurierated the anger of Tippu. So the Maharaja of Travancore suggested the company that one, two or even three battalions of the company’s troops might be employed with advantage in securing the Travancore territories against any sudden attack from Tippu. Maharaja also agreed to pay for the maintenance of British troops either in cash or in pepper. The monthly cost of the…

ABSTRACT The English got permission from Vira Ravivarma to establish their first factory at Vizhinjam in 1644.  British possessed a number of factories like salt pans, dyeing and printing along the Malabar Coast, Cochin and Angengo. Travancore and Dutch East India Company entered into political intrigues with the enemies of Marthanda Varma in order to perpetuate their commercial supremacy.  In 1741 a large Dutch force from Ceylon landed at Colachel and heaving bombarded Colachel. The Dutch also feared the formation of an alliance between the English and the Maharaja.  They thought such alliance would endanger their existence in Travancore.  The battle of Colachel brought about an immediate change in the…

ABSTRACT C.Rajagopalachari popularly known as Rajaji, the first and only Indian to be the Governor - General of India was an ardent patriot a pioneer and young social reformer, incisive thinker, profound scholar, and author. He was also an Indian lawyer, independence activist, politician and writer. He was the first and last Indian Governor General of India after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948. Rajaji was also an eminent statesman and able administrator. Rajaji graced his office with simplicity, dignity and elegance. Rajaji had the distinction of becoming premier of Madras Presidency. During his two years in office, Rajaji brought about several pioneering social and administrative reforms. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari was…

ABSTRACT On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  During his reign he introduced so many reforms. He made so many administrative and social reforms for the betterment of the people of Travancore country. In this article the scholar has been taken a step to analyze all the reforms of Uthiram Thirunal Maharaja in a nutshell. On the death of Swathi Thirunal, his younger brother, Uthiram Thirunal was installed on the throne.  He decided to avoid the trouble prevailing between the previous Dewan and the Resident Cullen.  So he confirmed Krishna Rao as Dewan.  Krishna Rao had been looked upon by many…

The succession to property, which is traced through female members of the family, is commonly called as the Marumakkathayam system of inheritance. The term “Marumakkathayam” literally means “inheritance through sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters”1. The people who governed by the Marumakkathayam were the Nairs, the Thiyyas or Ezhavas and the Mappilahs, and the Nanchilnad Vellalas2. Marumakkathayam of Vellalas tied them to the stem of the Nairs. It legalized the inheritance right to daughters and not to the sons. Then it accepted the law of inheritance. Originally the system of inheritance prevailed in ancient Kerala (Former Chera country). Later, it arrived in Nanchilnad and the Vellalas became the…

ABSTRACT Kanis, the people who are living in the mountains of Kanyakumari District, are considered as the aborigins of the district. The Kanis are living in groups. However, they have some social structure in their groups. In this article an attempt has been taken to know about the social hierarchy of the Kanis. Geography determines the life of the people. Social life of the people varies from place to place according to the condition of nature. The fertile areas are the citadel of various culture and civilization. But unfortunately the Kanis settled in remote areas, developed a culture of their own by utilizing the minimum facilities available. The Kanis living…

Abstract Women play a significant and crucial role in agricultural development and allied fields including in the main crop production, livestock production, horticulture, post harvest operations, agro-social forestry, fisheries etc, is a fact long taken for granted but also long ignored.  The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture, no doubt varies greatly from region to region.  Even within a region, their involvement varies widely among different ecological sub-zones, farming systems, castes, classed and stages in the family cycle. But regardless of these variations there is hardly any activity in agricultural production, except ploughing in which women are not actively involved.  In some of the farm activities like processing…

Introduction Hemingway’s Heroism is defined by a fixed set of optimistic characteristics. This distinctiveness remains essentially the same throughout all of Hemingway’s literal works. The Hemingway Hero is always courageous, confident, and thoughtful. He does not let his fears get to him. The Hemingway Hero is expressed differently in each of his novels, though. Sometimes he is young, and sometimes old. In Hemingway’s novels “The Nick Adams Stories” and “The Old Man and the Sea”, the Hero is initiated in a different way. In “The Nick Adams Stories”, Nick Adams begins as a adolescent, young boy then becomes the Hero within the view of the reader as his early life…

Dr. G. Pushparaj Assistant Professor of History, Udaya College of Arts & Science, Vellamodi. The freedom movement of India covered a time-span of sixty-two years starting with the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885 upto 1947, when India attained Independence.  Women participated in the movement during the entire period though the degree of participation varied across different stages of the movement.  However, the actual participation of women in the freedom struggle began with the emergence of Gandhiji on the political scene of India in the 1920’s. In the course of the freedom struggle, many women freedom fighters played an important role.  So their individual efforts need to be…